Business Strategies Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategies Management. Answer: Introduction Tangled into the aspect of interwoven threads of galloping globalisation, the business culture in the contemporary market is becoming increasingly concerned for its sustenance. In the background of the above statement, Alwis (2016) stated that the Australian football clubs are highly getting affected by the volatility of the business environments. The sports based politics and the unethical practices have been the primary concern amongst the football event organisers. Despite having the best efficient resources, the clubs get entangled by the political measures, which prevent the effective players from getting the deserving exposures. However, considering the opinion of Australian Capital Football Federation, it could be inferred that the primary mission of the clubs are to have fun with the values that all the participants introduce in the football events. However, in the framework of the above statement, Martin et al. (2015) asserted that the players switch to the other clubs after receiving the assurance of better monetary offerings and exposures. Thus, evaluating the last statements, Mintzberg (2010) determined that the organisers of the Football clubs rarely consider the talent of the players, rather the political support often enacts to be the influencing factors to promote the participants. The previous statistics forecasted that the Australian premier supporting organisations is constantly evolving the national competition. The particular aspect has led the brand to experience rapid growth over the past 10 years. Therefore, the strategic planning is highly required to be incorporated within the football clubs, where the organisers and the associations can lead to promoting the right choice before the audience. The present report attempts to evaluate the significance of strategic management in the Australian Football clubs. The study exclusively considers the case of Australian football club. The report would determine on its CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) measures, customer handling criteria during brand repositioning, segmentation policy and the stakeholders influence. The reasons corporate social responsibility issues influence branding strategies across the Australian football code: Football has become a social, political sports phenomenon, which is positioned in a multi-billion marketplace having deep business structures. In the words of Kulczycki and Koenigstorfer (2016), such clubs are worth billions and mostly possess financial value as the greater GDP of underdeveloped countries. However, several past instances have raised the voice of critiques to argue regarding the business approaches offered by the clubs. The practice of CSR by the football clubs is dynamic, diverse and context-specific as well. The social, economic, political and legal environments impact significantly on the overall, phenomenon. Dimitropoulos and Koumanakos (2015) also stated that the public and media support have also become crucial parameter, which affects the subsequent funding of the gaming events. The profits earned by the football clubs are characterised by the national embeddedness, which is accompanied by the political pressure. This approach has driven the clubs to maintain adequate synergy either the local and federal agencies investing in grassroots. As corporate social responsibility practices, the organisations are supposed to adhere with the anti-bribery, anti-racisms, regional development, youth education and the local community involvement also. For example, the CEO of the World Vision Australia and the spokesman for the Stop the Loss Coalition, Tim Costello stated that poker machines hurt the overall community and at the same time the brand gets affected. However, the members were not willing to forgo the revenue that comes from the poker machine (Blumrodt, Desbordes, and Bodin, 2013). On the other hand, the Collingwood club has acquired the most licensed venues in the AFL. The club has also increased the revenue value of the poker machine. According to Pert, the club is sensitive to the community and adequate safety issues are taken care to generate a healthy playing environment. However, the club had undergone controversy and affected its brand image. On the other hand, the Fox stated that a wrong decision could destroy the cash and the brand reputation of the football club. The core philosophy of the Essendon Football Club is to build a strong brand identity by relying on own investment, not through the AFL investments. The club eventually, invested a lump sum in offering new facilities. For the CSR implements, the organisation has spent $25 million bases near Melbourne Airport (Kulczycki and Koenigstorfer, 2016). Mattila (2009) also stated that CSR issues have also influenced the Hawthorn football club to modify its business agenda. Due to the political and social issues, the club has moved into the secondary market and managed to improve the brand revenue and popularity as well. Stuart Fox stated that the club success had been assisted by the ability to clean stadium in Tasmania. Eventually, this initiative has allowed the club to secure additional catering along with merchandising deals. The Australian football club manages customer perceptions during the brand repositioning: The branding and repositioning of the football club is a significant element for generating the revenue from the individual business model. In this context, Schokkaert (2014) stated that customer perceptions and choices are taken into the consideration, as the brand reputation depends on the audiences. A similar statement has been found in the current study, where Simon Hammond stated that rush to the professionalism in the brand development represents a customer loyalty risk. Walters and Panton (2014) also mentioned that the club fans are mainly directed by the professionalism and clear communication with each member. The over professionalism creates confusion among the customers. However, the highly efficient business does not always connect with the customers. In this context, Unlucan (2013) stated that the brand reposition through the differentiation is also a crucial factor, due to the existence of scores of clubs in the football market. After a particular time span, the brand reputation gets saturated, and the customers intend to shift supporting other football clubs. Thus, to regain the market attractiveness, the customer perceptions are taken into the account to modify the branding and promotional strategies. Eventually, the club membership increases. The brand repositioning influences the awareness and revenue earnings ratio. As a consequence, the income remains intact with each club and the customer loyalty increases. However, without concerning more on customer perception, it becomes difficult for the brand to grow a fast retention of the customers. The potential club membership increases the quick cash injection ratio and makes a long-term deal successful. On the contrary, Halabi, Frost and Lightbody (2012) stated that the greater sponsorship relates a high concentration risk and a limited membership comes to each club. Market segmentation of the football club: Segmentation, targeting and positioning theory (STP) can be utilised to identify the market segmentation of a football club. The frequency of attendance is a factor, which drives the football clubs to segment its branding strategies into different domains. The fan bases for each organisation differ significantly. To satisfy different demands of the audiences, the clubs recruit players in the context of age and the playing protocols. The various fan segments are as follows: Passionate partisans Champ followers Reclusive Partisan Aficionado Theatregoer (committed) Theatregoer (casual) The brand reputation and the brand affinity differ from one club to another. In the words of Johnston and Paulsen (2011), the segmentation these fan bases are an important tool to modulate the branding strategies. The football clubs have a flexible tool to target the fans with varied marketing strategies, to target the fans and improve the overall brand reputation as well. Also, Andras and Havran (2015) stated that the brand segmentation strategy needs to focus more on the challenging elements as the members invest a large for the new players. The potential players are attracted towards a club and the fan base again increases. On the other hand, considering the short term segmentation approach, the greater attendance at the stadium can be improved by potentially segmenting the fans. However, Alexandris and Tsiotsou (2012) mentioned that the majority of the audiences is theatre goer, and these people might not attend the game show every time. Thus, the financial benefit might be at stake. Thus, both the short term and long term segmentation need to be carried away from the football clubs to manage potential brand positioning in the market. Evaluation of the football governance using the Minzbergs theory: The football governance is evaluated with the support of Mintzbergs framework: The members of Collingwood football clubs is highly fortunate for being a successful licensed club. However, the organisation fails to have a reliance on funding. In the similar context, Garca and Welford (2015) determined that the installation of the poker machines has been the primary issue in the football clubs. The membership of the Colinhood organisation is highly valued for its membership, which signifies that the brand maintains the ethical measures. Therefore, the organisation easily derives its income margin. The football governance policy is analysed through Mintzbergs categories: Interpersonal Axomptia (2011) stated that the strong brand reputation of Hawthorn Football Club had helped the overall business to receive the on-field and off field success. The previous statistics reflect that Hawthorns relationship with the region Tasmania has helped the brand with the lucrative source to increase its revenue figure. The brand is identified as the single club that has moved into a secondary marketing measure and managed to convince the sponsors of Tasmania to organise the events in the clean stadiums. The management of the brand has followed increase its interpersonal relationship with the Tasmania event sponsors, which turned up to be a beneficial factor its long term success. Informational Each of the team members is aware of the business initiation the management of the club has undertaken. Mintzberg (2010) figured out that the team members highly support the managements in its business deals with Tasmania. The business success has enforced the organisation to invest a considerable amount of capital in the community development. The management of the enterprise claimed that the effective participants supports had facilitated the organisation to secure its additional catering and merchandise deals. Decisional The management of the club is highly open to the creative thinking terms and invested the considerable figure in the new venture. The philosophy of the brand is to establish a strong club that is no reliant on the Australian Football League finding (Alwis, 2016). The television network of Foxtels subscription network shows the news regarding the behind the scenes activities of the players. The news forecast that the players remain in a comfortable position when the information between the association and the team members remain transparent. Analysis regarding stakeholders in the strategic positioning of Australian football clubs: The strategic expectations of the sponsors and the football club associate are required to match. The sponsors set a specific set of projections and plans accordingly. Therefore, the requirements of the club associations need to match with the sponsors to create a successful football event. In the specific inference, Alwis (2016) mentioned that the sponsors prefer the association to keep the players in the field front that have earned the popularity. However, the specific action often creates discrepancies in the team coordination. According to Martin et al. (2015), the players are also the important stakeholders of the football club. Therefore, the expectations and the requirements of the players required being met to maintain the sustenance of the enterprise. For example, the business deal initiated between Hawthorn Football Club and Tasmania has become successful. Since, the management has maintained a transparency with its players. Thus, both sides expectations have matched, whic h resulted in the successful conversion. Inference can be drawn from the previous content that the stakeholders create a significant influence on the strategic position of the Australian football clubs. Conclusion The current study evaluates on the importance of strategic decision making policy in the Australian Football clubs. Inference can be drawn from the above study that the incorporation of the political measures often hampers the goodwill of the organisation. The management needs to the selection of the players on the basis of the expertise rather than the referential aspects. Moreover, the installation of the poker machine has been the degrading factor for the football organisation. The particular action has hampered the reputed earnings of the brand. Therefore, any inclusion of the poker machine needs to be avoided to maintain the goodwill of the organisation. Reference: Alexandris, K. and Tsiotsou, R.H., 2012. Segmenting soccer spectators by attachment levels: A psychographic profile based on team self-expression and involvement. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(1), pp.6581. Alwis, A.C.D., 2016. Stakeholders influence on successful business succession. International Journal of Business Administration, 7(4), pp.8498. Andras, K. and Havran, Z., 2015. New business strategies of football clubs. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 9(1-2), pp.6774. Axomptia, J., 2011. The sage handbook of interpersonal communication. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Blumrodt, J., Desbordes, M. and Bodin, D., 2013. Professional football clubs and corporate social responsibility. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 3(3), pp.205225. Dimitropoulos, P.E. and Koumanakos, E., 2015. Intellectual capital and profitability in European football clubs. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 11(2), p.202. Garca, B. and Welford, J., 2015. Supporters and football governance, from customers to stakeholders: A literature review and agenda for research. Sport Management Review, 18(4), pp.517528. Halabi, A.K., Frost, L. and Lightbody, M., 2012. Football history off the field: Utilising archived accounting reports to challenge myths about the history of an Australian football club.Accounting History, 17(1), pp.6381. Johnston, M.A. and Paulsen, N., 2011. The influence of club and sponsor images and club-sponsor congruence in the Australian football league.International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 9(1/2), p.29 Kulczycki, W. and Koenigstorfer, J., 2016. Doing good in the right place: City residents evaluations of professional football teams' local (vs. Distant) corporate social responsibility activities. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(4), pp.502524. Martin, A., Morgan, S., Parnell, D., Philpott, M., Pringle, A., Rigby, M., Taylor, A. and Topham, J., 2015. A perspective from key stakeholders on football and health improvement. Soccer Society, 17(2), pp.175182. Mattila, M., 2009. Corporate social responsibility and image in organizations: For the insiders or the outsiders?. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(4), pp.540549. Mintzberg, H., 2010. Managing on three planes. Leader to Leader, 2010(57), pp.2933. Schokkaert, J., 2014. Football clubs recruitment strategies and international player migration: Evidence from Senegal and South Africa. Soccer Society, 17(1), pp.120139. Unlucan, D., 2013. Jersey manufacturers in football/soccer: The analysis of current jersey manufacturers of 1061 football/soccer clubs in top leagues of 72 countries.Soccer Society, 15(3), pp.314333 Walters, G. and Panton, M., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and social partnerships in professional football. Soccer Society, 15(6), pp.828846.

Field Study At AA Essay Example For Students

Field Study At AA Essay On Wednesday March 15 and 22 I attended meetings of the Serentiy Group, a localmeeting group of Alcoholics Anonymous that were held at the CongregationalChurch in East Bridgewater. The meetings started around 8:00 pm and went untileach member was given the opportunity to speak, or to share their feelings in someway. There was a total of 15 people present, including myself and my companion. The group was primarily made up of males, there was one female aside from mycompanion and I. The age of the group members was pretty much middle age (late30s to 50s). Before attending the meeting I was very apprehensive about going, for manyreasons. The main one was that I did not know what to expect. I was unsure ofwho was going to be there, if I would know anyone, or if anyone would know me. Ifelt as though I was going to be invading the privacy of those in attendance. Uponarrival at I felt very extremely uncomfortable for two reasons, the obvious agedifference, and the male to female ratio. The uneasiness passed quickly as themembers of the group welcomed us in, and made us feel as if we were a part of thegroup. I think that part of my initial nervousness was due to the fact that I did notknow what to expect, I was unsure as to what a drunk would look like. Once Iarrived I realized that they do not look any different than anyone else. My initial impression was that the meeting would be very depressing, a bunch of drunks sittingaround telling stories about how alcohol ruined their lives feeling sorry forthemselves. Once I met these people and be gan conversing with them I knew I waswrong. I think that I felt this way because of the negative stereotypes that areattached to being a drunk, and not what the positive effects of a group such asAlcoholics Anonymous could be. We will write a custom essay on Field Study At AA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In this small group of individuals I found somewhat of a family structure. These people cared not only about themselves, but each other as well. They allshared their addiction to alcohol, which brought them together. The outlook andattitude of these people was very optimistic. This surprised me considerably becauseI had expected the meeting to be full of negativity and pessimism. The warmwelcome that this group gave me showed me how much that they do care and howwilling they are to help others afflicted with alcoholism. The one thing about thisgroup that surprised me the most was how openly they referred to themselves asdrunks. I had always thought that it would be an insult or degrading to a recoveringalcoholic to call them a drunk. I realized that I was wrong. Being a drunk is whateach and everyone of these people is, and in order for them to begin the recoveryprocess they need to first admit to themselves that they are indeed a drunk. One belief that seemed to be held universally among all of the members of thegroup was that AA has one purpose. That purpose is to help alcoholics deal withtheir addiction to alcohol. An AA meeting is where you go to discuss the effects ofalcohol on you, it is not time to air your dirty laundry about problems with othersubstances. If you want or need help coping with your addiction to alcohol, AA is asolution, if you want help with other addictions, AA is not a solution. Each memberof the group wanted to help themselves and anyone else who needed or desired it. The group strongly believed in the 12 steps, focusing heavily on the fourth and fifthsteps as being the bridge to true recovery, saying that the recovery process beganonce you crossed the bridge. It seemed as though each person in the group gained astrong sense of who they were and what was important to them to survive. I wasgiven the impression that they had an idea of how important they are to themselvesand their family and how important alcohol was to them. One major concept that came up throughout both meetings was the idea ofone day at a time. It was this idea that helped each of them to become sober andhow they hoped to remain sober. Alcoholism is not like a cold or the flu, its notgone when you wake up in the morning, it will always be there. When alcoholism islooked at on the short term basis, one day at a time, rather than on the long term, aweek, month, or year, it makes sobriety more realistic and more manageable. Sobriety was not a term that was used a lot throughout the meetings, instead theterm not drinking came up quite a bit. I was given the impression that this wasbecause of the pressure that is implied by the word sober. .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .postImageUrl , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:hover , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:visited , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:active { border:0!important; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:active , .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48 .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadf836be90e4edc87608968214b1eb48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find EssayBoth the 12 steps and the 12 traditions are major players in the lives of thosein the group. The meetings and their lives seemed to revolve around them. At eachmeeting they read about the fifth step and the fifth tradition. They discussed boththe step and the tradition ate great length, and what each meant on a personal level. They took the idea of taking inventory on themselves very seriously. It was asthough they felt once they completed this process they were truly on their way torecovery. Although I only attended two meetings with this small group of people, theytaught me a great deal about helping myself. They let me know that to get throughit you need to be brutally honest with yourself. They showed me that alcoholics areordinary people just like you and me, and what they need most of all is support andunderstanding. I found this group extremely informative and helpful and I would highlyrecommend any type of self help organization to anyone who feels they need helpdealing with the problems in their everyday lives. I believe that a group such as TheSerenity Group, would be extremely beneficial to those who had a problem withalcohol. Their positive attitude and outlook that they posses makes the road torecovery achievable.

Creating Moral Dilemma Essay Topics for College Class

Creating Moral Dilemma Essay Topics for College ClassMoral dilemma essay topics are a great way to explore the question of ethics and morality in a college writing assignment. Whether you're creating a personal essay or a group assignment, moral dilemma essay topics can be an excellent approach to engaging your audience in thought-provoking discussions. There are no shortage of writing prompts that can assist you in developing unique essay topics that provoke honest and intelligent discussion.Moral dilemma essay topics are based on real situations students might face in their college careers. Some students may come to college with a philosophical bent; others may be less intellectually inclined. Yet, the purpose of any college assignment is to facilitate open and honest discussions between students and faculty members.Students can be charged with either class-based or personal essays for moral dilemma essay topics. The most commonly asked questions pertain to controversial issues suc h as politics, religion, race, and gender. You might not even think to ask such questions during your first few college assignments. After all, college professors are in the business of providing instruction; they generally do not have time to engage in intellectual discussions with their students.Students should be aware that many college writing assignments are supposed to be made-to-order based on the type of course in which they are assigned. For example, political and religious essay topics are generally based on an understanding of particular cultural values or traditions. Moral dilemma essay topics, on the other hand, tend to deal with issues such as sexual identity or discrimination. While you may be in the midst of writing a part-time online writing assignment, you should be sure to carefully research the potential topic to make sure it is compatible with the teaching of your class.As students advance in their college careers, they will likely encounter more ethical dilemma s. Students who've never written a school assignment before will most likely turn to writing prompt services to help them hone their skills. Once students understand the concept behind moral dilemma essay topics, they are better prepared to tackle them in the future.Students who successfully complete moral dilemma essay topics will be able to grasp and use complex concepts without feeling overly challenged. You will be better equipped to discuss controversial subjects and answer difficult questions in class. Your writing will also improve as you gain familiarity with different ways to write about certain issues. The questions that remain after the task is completed are ones that you will undoubtedly want to ponder.It's important to take your moral dilemma essay topics seriously. You should develop a comprehensive outline and practice incorporating relevant information into the essay. Aside from using the outline to guide your thoughts, be sure to keep track of the topics that were c overed and the time required to complete each one. You will also want to create a list of possible topics for future assignments.When you're approaching your moral dilemma essay topics from the perspective of an expert, you are presented with the opportunity to deliver something of value to your readers. You will be able to explain why certain questions or ideas are not allowed in our society. The same is true for students who wish to write moral dilemma essay topics for college assignments.

All About Abbreviations

All About Abbreviations All About Abbreviations All About Abbreviations By Guest Author This is a guest post by Letia Graening. An abbreviation is defined as a shortened version of a word or phrase. But did you know that there are many different types of abbreviations? Here is a list of abbreviation types: Acronym – This forms a word using the initial parts or first letters of a name. For example, ABBA, MADD, and OPEC are all acronyms that take the first letter from each word to form a new word. Lesser known acronyms include scuba and laser. The latter examples show that not all acronyms have to be capitalized. Initialism Also called alphabetism, this is a group of letters, each pronounced separately, used as an abbreviation for a name or expression. Examples include: CD, TV, and UK. Truncation This type of abbreviation consists only of the first part of a word. These are most often used when referring to proper titles such as months of the year or days of the week, e.g., Mon., Fri., Apr., Oct. Clipped – Similar to truncation in that you are using a part of the word to form the abbreviation, but in this case you’re using either the middle or end. Common clipped abbreviations include phone (telephone) and fridge (refrigerator). Aphesis In this case, you have dropped the unstressed vowel at the beginning of the word. These are often unintentional and casually spoken versions of the words. Perhaps the best example is cause instead of because. Portmanteau The blending of two or more words will give you a portmanteau. Some of my personal favorites include liger (lion and tiger), spork (spoon and fork), skort (shorts and skirt), and brinner (breakfast and dinner). Some things to consider when using abbreviations: Anyone can make up an abbreviation and many are non-standard. They should, therefore, be left out of formal writing. If the full word would be capitalized (e.g., Sunday or January), make sure to capitalize the abbreviation (e.g., Sun. or Jan.). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Cannot or Can Not?30 Words for Small Amounts

Latter, not Ladder

Latter, not Ladder Latter, not Ladder Latter, not Ladder By Maeve Maddox Andrew Chatwin asks: Latter and Ladder, how are they different? One difference is that of pronunciation: latter [lÄÆ'tÉ™r] ladder[lÄÆ'dÉ™r] In ordinary speech, however, the difference between the t and d sounds is often difficult to discern. Apparently other speakers are puzzled by the word latter. Heres a question asked and answered at Yahoo Answers: Why do people use the phrase I choose the ladder after comparing two decisions or choices? And heres the best answer as chosen by voters: Oh most people who say that are social climbers and they want to get to the top. In the expression that refers to making a choice between two options, the word is latter, not ladder. The first option is called the former: Father gave us our choice of the blue Mustang or the red Corvette. I chose the former and Charlie chose the latter. The word latter comes from the comparative form of Old English laet: laetra, and meant slower. It took on the meaning of second of two in the 1550s. Modern later came, well, later. (It also comes from OE laet.) The most usual use of latter is to refer to the second of two mentioned things: He was offered the part of either Othello or Iago: he chose the latter. Mormons call their church the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints because they see themselves as later followers of Jesus Christ; the former day saints were the first century Christians. The latter days is an eschatological phrase used by some Christian sects to refer to the days preceding the second coming of Christ. One can also refer to a persons latter years, i.e., old age. Here are some examples of latter used to mean the later part of life: Men living longer but spend latter years sick Staying in Shape in Your Latter Years Ladder, as a noun, usually means a portable device with rungs or steps that enables one to climb up or down. The word ladder can also refer to a tear or a breach in fabric that resembles a ladder, having straight sides and crosspieces: Once the critical bond at the crack tip has broken, the peak stress concentration is transferred to the next bond, and so on, like a ladder in a silk stocking. Figuratively, ladder is used to refer to the steps of getting ahead socially or professionally: A steady rise up the legal ladder took him into the commercial law field †¦ He sits, unhappy and proud, on the ladder of social promotion having lost the hold on one type of life, but failing to reach the one to which he aspires. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsUsed To vs. Use ToEspecially vs. Specially

Three main structures in project management Essay

Three main structures in project management - Essay Example The Functional Organization Structure Businesses that produce and sell standard products utilize functional organization structures. A company that manufactures and sells video recorders and players, for example, may have a functional organization structure. Groups are a common aspect of functional structure in an organization. Individuals make up groups that perform the same functions, have the same expertise or skills. Each group focuses on performing its own activities. This is with an aim of supporting the business decision. The focus is on the cost, technical excellence and competitiveness of the company’s products. The groups also focus on the contribution of each of the functional groups to the company’s products (Gido and James, 2012). The companies that make use of organization structure periodically form project teams. These teams work on the internal projects within a company. The projects focus on developing new products, redesigning office floor plan, impro ving the manufacturing process, implementing a new information system or updating the business policy and manual procedures. Various project teams are formed from some of the projects listed. The company management selects members of the teams from the appropriate departments (Gido and James, 2012). The team members may be assigned to the project either on part-time or full time for a section of the project or during the entire project. Individuals continue to perform their regular company duties as they dedicate their part time to the project time. The project leader or manager comes from the team members, functional managers or vice president. The project manager in a functional organization lacks complete authority over the project team. This is because the team members still retain their administrative and technical authorities over their respective functional managers who appoint them to the team (Gido and James, 2012). The Strengths of the Functional Organization Structure To begin with, it clearly defines the responsibilities and roles of each person assigned to the project. This is because projects do not form part of the normal routine of the organization functions. The project manager also requires time to update the other functional managers in the company often on the progress of the company and thank them. This is in regard to the continued support of the individuals they have assigned to the project. It can also be used when the team members may be assigned work on a project that is strictly within a given functional unit. In such cases, a given functional manager has full authority over the project. This makes it easy for conflict to be handled more quickly as it emerges within a multifunctional project team (Gido and James, 2012). The Weakness of the Functional Organization Structure The first weakness of this structure is that if there are conflicts among the team members, it takes much time for them to be resolved. This is because the various hierarchies have to be involved. Another weakness is that when the company chief executive gives the project manager authority to make decisions in case of a disagreement among the team members, the decisions may reflect the interest of the organization functions of the project manager rather than the overall interest of the project. Lastly, the project manager relies on his leadership and persuasion skills. These skills help in handling conflicts, building consensus and unifying the team members. This is necessary to accomplish the project objective. The lack of full authority over project decisions is what causes hurdles for project managers (Gido and James, 2012). Pure Project Organization Structure The project manag

Critically assess the scope, meaning and relevance of Essay

Critically assess the scope, meaning and relevance of non-discrimination in WTO law - Essay Example This paper tackles the most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment obligations of member countries and its twin principle which is a national treatment obligation; the WTO is supposed to equally grant MFN-like status to all countries. The WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the world global trading body tasked to implement and adjudicate the rules for international commerce. The recent global Great Recession has highlighted anew the importance of the role of WTO in settling trade disputes as countries scramble for ways out of the recession. Trade frictions are again on the rise as countries find ways to revive their economies. This paper discusses the non-discrimination principle and its increased relevance in international trade.2 B. Discussion The WTO is a big improvement over the GATT and its still-born cousin ITO. In the WTO rule of consensus decision making (termed derisively as its mass management), there is no board of directors like in modern corporatio ns.3 The consensus makes the WTO a success it is today although in rare instances, majority votes may also rule. If trade disputes arise, the WTO works to resolve it through negotiations. Once a WTO resolution is deemed final, the concerned country must conform to the ruling such as amending its laws or pay compensation to the adjudged winner; failure to do so results in non-negotiable sanctions as no appeals are allowed. This is how non-discrimination is enforced in the WTO; its stated aims are to expand free trade equally without barriers to all members, make trade predictable through rules and a truly competitive undertaking by removal of subsidies.4 The lack of a governing body similar to a corporation's board of directors is intentional to address previous complaints of smaller countries. There is no body within WTO that has a delegated power from its members despite proposals for creation of a smaller executive body.5 Members make their decisions known through its committees a nd councils. Decisions reached by the members are more acceptable to all implemented quickly like the Japanese way of doing things.6 This loose set up has advantages but sometimes, people end up confused.7 Its culture is designed to promote sharing of common values and reassure smaller nations their weaknesses are being addressed.8 Fusion of interests of all countries helps build harmony through transparency and inclusion. The WTO success is its rules-based disputes resolution.†9 Non-discrimination in WTO Law – experts call WTO a modern miracle for sheer fact it managed to exist.10 The guiding idea behind WTO is its Dispute Settlement Understanding or DSU. For the first time, the DSU codified all procedural rules as they pertain to the core principles in any dispute across all types of trade agreements.11 It is the basic document that sets out the jurisdictional scope of the WTO dispute settlement and all members must submit to its authority. There is less reason to sus pect any subjectivity in any of the WTO decisions.12 Relative to transparency and